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Determination of Nitrate and Nitrogen in surface water and agricultural applications

Nitrogen is a crucial nutrient that helps plants and crops grow, but high concentrations are harmful to people and nature. Pure, clean water is vital to human health and to natural ecosystems. Excess nitrogen from agricultural sources is one of the main causes of water pollution in Europe. Studies done by Wageningen University & Research in collaboration with Glastuinbouw Nederland, Acacia Water, Hoogheemraadschap Delfland, Fixeau B.V. and Stichting AKVO have proven the usability of the LAQUAtwin meter in this application.


Introduction

Nitrates and organic nitrogen compounds from fertilizer and manure enter groundwater through leaching and reach surface water through runoff from agricultural fields. A high level of nitrate makes water unsuitable as drinking water.

In rivers, lakes and marine waters, nitrogen and other nutrients, in particular phosphorus, stimulate the growth of algae. At moderate levels, algae serve as food for aquatic organisms, including fish. However, excessive nutrient concentration in water systems will cause algae to grow excessively. This affects the natural ecosystem and can lead to depletion of oxygen in the water. This phenomenon, known as eutrophication, has negative consequences for biodiversity, fisheries and recreational activities.

Both phosphorous and nitrogen play a role in eutrophication, but while the main cause of eutrophication in fresh water is phosphorus, it is mainly caused by nitrogen in marine water.


EU Directive

The maximum allowable nitrate concentration in surface water is 50mg/l (ppm) NO3- or 11,3 mg/l NO₃-N.
The EU Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC) aims to protect water quality across Europe by preventing nitrates from agricultural sources that pollute ground and surface waters and by promoting the use of good farming practices.
The Directive aims to reduce water pollution caused by nitrates used in agriculture by

  • monitoring nitrate of water bodies
  • designating nitrate vulnerable zones
  • establishing codes of good agricultural practices and measures to prevent and reduce water pollution from nitrates

Source: https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/water/nitrates_en

Method

Testing for nitrates in water can be done in the laboratory, online and in the field. The determine the source of potential nitrate pollution a field measurement is preferred.

There are several methods to measure nitrate in water in the field. These range from simple test kits to more advanced measurement equipment.

 

Some commonly used methods are:

Chemical Test Kits

  • Based on colour change.
  • Sample is mixed with reagents that convert into a coloured solution. The intensity of the colour is measured.
  • Change is read using a colour scale or spectrophotometer.
  • Advantages: Portable, relatively inexpensive, quick.
  • Disadvantages: Less accurate

 

Spectrophotometry

  • Measures absorption of light by the solution at specific wavelengths.
  • Absorption is converted into a concentration using a calibration curve.
  • Advantages: High accuracy.
  • Disadvantages: Less suitable for field conditions, more expensive, less portable than other methods.

 

Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISE)

  • Ion-selective electrodes respond specifically to nitrate, allowing a direct measurement of the concentration.
  • Advantages: Fast, portable.
  • Disadvantages: Requires calibration and maintenance.

 

Test Strips (Dipsticks)

  • Dip into the water to measure.
  • Colour changes based on the concentration, the colour is compared to a scale to read the concentration.
  • Advantages: Very simple, fast, and inexpensive.
  • Disadvantages: Less accurate and sensitive than other methods.

 

Portable UV-Vis Spectrometers

  • Measure light absorption.
  • Similar to lab-based meters but more compact and suitable for fieldwork.
  • Advantages: Very accurate, suitable for detailed field measurements.
  • Disadvantages: More expensive and less portable.

 

 

Each method has its own pros and cons depending on the situation, such as accuracy, cost, ease of use, and required equipment. For field measurements, simple kits or test strips are often the most practical, while ion-selective electrodes or spectrophotometry are recommended for more precise work.

Instruments

For measurement of nitrate (NO3-) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) the HORIBA WQ300 series handheld and LAQUAtwin pocket meters can both be used. The HORIBA instruments use Ion Selective electrodes to measure the concentration.

In field test conditions, where both instruments were used there was a good correlation between the results of the two instruments.


Research

Recent research by Wageningen University and Research (www.wur.nl) has shown the usability of the LAQUAtwin NO3-11. WUR published the results in this report: https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/ontwikkeling-en-evaluatie-van-een-handzame-nitraatmeter-voor-drai

Citation from the abstract of the report: By 2027, greenhouse horticulture in the Netherlands must grow almost emission-free. Measuring surface water quality by growers themselves on and around their greenhouse could provide more insight into disasters. Measuring nitrates in surface water seems to be a good method to detect fertigation water in surface water due to leaks. Research has therefore been conducted into a nitrate meter that growers can easily use themselves.

Based on desired technical and practical specifications, handheld meters available on the market and prototypes from research have been assessed for, among other things, suitability, accuracy, ease of use and cost price. A practical evaluation was carried out at six greenhouse growers using the handheld meter found to be most suitable. The meter has been found to be handy, robust, and sufficiently reliable to detect increased concentrations of nitrate in surface water. The meter has a large measuring range, allowing measurements to be made in surface water as well as in nutrient solutions and drainage water.

To detect leaks, the surface water must be checked weekly. The accuracy of the meter is less than that of laboratory analyses, but the low purchase price and operational costs are such that the use of the hand meter is more economical as soon as more than one measurement is carried out per week.


Field test WQ300

In the Netherlands the WQ300, with nitrate ion sensor head and cartridge, was compared against brand “Y” in the lab and during field test by Hoogheemraadschap Delfland*.

 

HORIBA  

Brand Y

Battery live

400 hrs

80 hrs

Sensor technology

digital

analog

Stores cal data when replacing batteries  

Yes

No

Field calibration

Yes

No

Wireless data transfer

Yes

No


NO₃⁻ or NO₃-N

The terms "nitrate (NO₃⁻)" and "nitrogen (NO₃-N)" both refer to forms of nitrogen, but they are used in different contexts, and there is a distinction between them:

Nitrate can be converted to nitrate nitrogen by dividing the NO - with 4,4268 and vice versa:

  • 100 mg/L (ppm) NO3- = 22,58 NO₃-N mg/L (ppm) (100 / 4,4268).
  • 22,58 mg/L (ppm) NO₃-N = 100 mg/L (ppm) NO3- (100 x 4,4268).

LAQUAtwin: the only meters with flat sensor technology.

HORIBA’s highly-sensitive, flat sensor technology opens up new possibilities for sampling and sample types. Only a small amount of sample is required, so you can easily sample in situ without the need for beakers or other labware. Sensors are easily replaced as required.

Calibrate and measure at the touch of a button — the smiley face will tell you when the result can be read.

Hassle-free automatic calibration with a few drops of standard solution reassures you of your measurement accuracy. Two-point calibration is also possible.*
*Except for B-711

LAQUAtwin is fully waterproof and dustproof.

The meter and sensor are fully waterproof* and dustproof, so you can take it anywhere.
* IP67 rated. Will withstand immersion for 30 minutes at 1 m. Not suitable for underwater use.

Carry case comes as standard for handy portability.

The compact carry case contains everything you need for your measurements, including the standard solution and sampling sheets.

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Horiba LAQUA WQ‑330‑K handheld meter with three connected electrodes, front view, robust design.
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Article number: 895690
Measuring range: see technical data | Measurement parameters: Sodium ions | Potassium ions | Nitrate ions | Calcium ions | Temperature

Mobile Analysis Laboratory for Ion Measurements – Versatile Use Compact kit for simultaneous determination of multiple water and environmental parameters The Horiba 4M LAQUAtwin Kit is a mobile laboratory that allows you to determine important ion parameters directly on-site. The case contains pocket testers for measuring sodium, potassium, nitrate, and calcium, as well as for temperature measurement. Each device uses ion-selective electrodes for targeted analysis of small samples and provides fast, reliable results. In addition to the four measurement devices, the kit includes calibration solutions and a wash/spray bottle for sensor cleaning. The sensors can be stored dry without special storage solutions. Compact Multi-Parameter Kit for Flexible On-Site Analyses The set is designed for measurement tasks where multiple ions need to be detected simultaneously, for example when monitoring drinking and process water, performing environmental checks of water bodies, conducting aquaculture analyses, or agricultural research. Thanks to the case, all essential testers including accessories are always on hand and ready for immediate use. The measurement results are available in a short time and are reliable and reproducible – ideal for routine and control measurements in the field. All components are neatly arranged in the case and ready for use at any time. An additional advantage is that the sensors can be stored dry without special storage solutions. Due to its compact design, the kit is particularly suitable for mobile applications where multiple ion parameters need to be determined quickly one after the other or in parallel. Why Multi-Parameter Ion Measurements Are Useful – and a Mobile Kit Is Ideal In many applications, not just a single measurement is important, but the interaction of multiple ion parameters. Sodium, potassium, nitrate, and calcium together influence water quality, biological processes, plant growth, and technical operations. Single measurements in a laboratory are often time-consuming and inflexible. A mobile analysis kit allows simultaneous detection of multiple parameters directly on-site. This allows relationships to be recognized more quickly, decisions to be made more reliably, and measurement campaigns to be carried out more efficiently. The Horiba 4M LAQUAtwin Kit combines these advantages in a compact, user-friendly system. Additional information We would like to inform you of an upcoming product update for the LAQUAtwin handheld analysers. To enhance product safety and prevent infants and young children from accidentally swallowing the batteries, HORIBA will be introducing a new battery cover on all LAQUAtwin pocket-sized analysers. Overview of the product change Change: Battery cover for enhanced safety. Reason: To prevent accidental swallowing of batteries. Production date: From January 2026 in Japan As this change is currently being rolled out, mixed deliveries of the current and updated versions may occur during the transition period. Note on Scope of Delivery: From November 2026, HORIBA products will be supplied without batteries. Existing stock may still include batteries. Batteries are no longer included with newly manufactured products and must be purchased separately if required. Frequently asked questions How long is the warranty period for HORIBA pocket testers? The warranty period is two years from delivery for commercial customers. How many measurements can be taken before the sensor needs to be replaced? This varies depending on the application, use and storage of the Horiba tester. As a rule, the sensor should be replaced after one year. How long is the warranty period for replacement sensors for pocket testers? The warranty period is 12 months after delivery for commercial customers. How do you clean the pocket tester? The pocket tester can be rinsed under water. We recommend cleaning with DI water (deionised). Tissue paper is recommended for drying after cleaning. How can the pocket tester be reset to factory settings? (e.g. in the event of an incorrect measurement result) This information can be found in the operating instructions. These can be found in the download area of the shop and on the product. Is calibration necessary before each measurement? Basically, yes. Further information can be found in the operating instructions.

€1,545.00